Types of GST Assessments: A Quick Guide
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) framework in India operates on the principle of self-assessment and periodic filing of returns. Every registered taxpayer is required to file returns monthly or quarterly, declaring outward supplies, inward supplies, and tax payable. However, the process doesn’t end with filing — the tax authorities are empowered to verify, scrutinize, and assess these returns to ensure accuracy and compliance.
The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) and its officers are authorized to assess returns, verify the correctness of tax paid, and recover any shortfall. These assessments are governed by specific provisions under the Central GST Act, 2017 and corresponding State GST Acts. Let’s understand the various types of assessments under the GST law.
1. Self-Assessment – Section 59
Under the GST regime, every registered taxpayer is required to self-assess their tax liability based on the returns filed. This includes determining output tax, input tax credit (ITC) eligibility, and the net tax payable.
If the tax paid and returns filed are found to be correct, the process ends there. However, if discrepancies are detected later during scrutiny or audit, corrective actions can be initiated by the department.
In short, self-assessment is the foundation of the GST compliance system, where the taxpayer shoulders the responsibility for accurate reporting and timely payment.
2. Provisional Assessment – Section 60
When a taxpayer is unable to determine the correct tax rate or the value of goods or services, they may opt for Provisional Assessment.
The process involves:
Submitting a request in FORM GST ASMT-01 to the proper officer.
The officer may seek additional details via FORM GST ASMT-02 and issue an order within 90 days.
The taxpayer must furnish a bond in FORM GST ASMT-05 along with security (not exceeding 25% of the bond value) to cover possible tax differentials.
After the initial order, the officer is required to finalize the assessment within six months by issuing an order in FORM GST ASMT-06.
Once finalized, the taxpayer can seek release of the security using FORM GST ASMT-08. Interest on delayed payments or refunds also applies in such cases.
3. Scrutiny Assessment – Section 61
A Scrutiny Assessment is conducted when the proper officer examines the returns filed to ensure accuracy.
The process follows these steps:
If discrepancies are found, the officer issues a notice in FORM GST ASMT-10.
The taxpayer must respond with explanations or documents in FORM GST ASMT-11 within 30 days.
If the officer is satisfied, the closure order is issued in FORM GST ASMT-12.
If the reply is unsatisfactory, the officer may proceed with further actions such as:
Departmental Audit (Section 65)
Summary Assessment (Section 64)
Search and Seizure (Section 67)
Demand Proceedings (Sections 73/74/74A)
While Section 61 itself doesn’t specify a limitation period, the time limits prescribed under the subsequent sections apply to any further proceedings initiated.
4. Summary Assessment – Section 64
A Summary Assessment is a protective measure invoked in urgent cases to safeguard government revenue.
It may be conducted when:
The officer has sufficient grounds to believe that delaying the assessment would harm revenue interests.
Prior approval is obtained from the Additional or Joint Commissioner.
The order is issued in FORM GST ASMT-16, along with a summary of tax payable in FORM GST DRC-07.
If the taxpayer believes the assessment was erroneous, they may apply for withdrawal of the order within 30 days using FORM GST ASMT-17. The Additional/Joint Commissioner can also withdraw it suo motu if found incorrect, after which normal proceedings under Sections 73/74/74A will follow.
5. Assessment of Non-Filers – Section 62
When a registered taxpayer fails to file returns, even after being served a notice, the officer can conduct a Best Judgment Assessment based on available information.
Key points:
The order is passed in FORM GST ASMT-13, along with tax summary in FORM GST DRC-07.
If the taxpayer files the pending returns within 60 days, the order stands withdrawn automatically.
A further 60-day extension may be granted with additional late fees of ₹100 per day (per Act).
Such assessment can be made within five years from the due date of the Annual Return under Section 44.
6. Assessment of Unregistered Persons – Section 63
When a registered taxpayer fails to file returns, even after being served a notice, the officer can conduct a Best Judgment Assessment based on available information.
Key points:
The order is passed in FORM GST ASMT-13, along with tax summary in FORM GST DRC-07.
If the taxpayer files the pending returns within 60 days, the order stands withdrawn automatically.
A further 60-day extension may be granted with additional late fees of ₹100 per day (per Act).
Such assessment can be made within five years from the due date of the Annual Return under Section 44.
Conclusion
The GST assessment framework ensures that tax compliance is maintained transparently and fairly. While self-assessment promotes trust and efficiency, scrutiny and provisional assessments serve as checks to verify correctness. Provisions like summary assessment and best judgment assessment empower authorities to act swiftly in revenue-sensitive cases.
In essence, the finality of filed returns is achieved only after the statutory assessment cycle concludes or the prescribed scrutiny period expires.
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